unit 1 总论Day 1 典型英语文章的写作脉络和答卷步骤
典型英语文章的
写作脉络和答卷步骤及方法
总的来讲，英语文章结构比较严谨，脉络了解，所以大家在读任何文章的时候，脑子里面必须要有一根线，先学会了典型文章的展开办法，再加上一些引子等，就成了所有四级阅读文章的结构。大家先以2000年6月的文章为例进行解说领会。
请在2分钟以内读完这篇文章：
2000.6
Americans are proud of their variety and inpiduality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?
Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform?
Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible（可减税的）. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.
Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of inpiduality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.
Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cosplayt of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.
同学们一定说2分钟不可能读完，但事实上大家仅需读下面这类划线的句子，这篇文章的脉络就出来了。
Americans are proud of their variety and inpiduality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?
Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian（百姓的）clothes.
Uniforms also have many practical benefits.
Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of inpiduality experienced by people who must wear them.
Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems.
文章第一段给出了主题：uniforms，并且提出了问题：Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?（为何制服在美国这样受青睐？）
在第二段作者讨论支持制服的重要原因，大家应该注意两个词：for, first。第三段紧接着提到制服的一些实质有哪些好处。
第四段作者的笔锋一转，提到反对制服的重要原因，两个关键字是：primary, against。同样，在第五段给出的是一些反对制服实质的问题。
本文可以分为主题段（第一段）和展开段（2、三和4、五段）。其中2、三段是一个小的展开，4、五段是第二个小的展开。读到这里，同学们事实上应该了解，这篇文章主要讲的是制服的优点（2、三段）和缺点（4、五段）。那样做本文的第五题就比较容易了：
5. The best title for this passage would be .
A) Uniforms and Society
B) The importance of Wearing a Uniform
C) Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform
D) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms
答案显而易见是D)。而且大家可以有如此的判断：2、四段应该是老师出题的重点，由于它们讲的是主要的方面；而3、五段可以一带而过，由于讨论的是一些次要的内容。同时，大家应该知道每篇文章不是每一句话都要仔细读的。事实上，每篇文章都有四分之一左右的内容无需读。假如大家感觉有一句话不读就不放心的话，那样可以读，但对那些次要的内容不可以花过多的时间，基本上扫一眼了解无关紧要就好了。
请读本文的前四题，并且找到它们在文中对应的地方（先不要做题）：
1. It is surprising that Americans who worship variety and inpiduality .
A) still judge a man by his clothes
B) hold the uniform in such high regard
C) enjoy having a professional identity
D) will respect an elevator operator as much as a general in uniform
2. People are accustomed to thinking that a man in uniform .
A) suggests quality work
B) discards his social identity
C) appears to be more practical
D) looks superior to a person in civilian clothes
3. The chief function of a uniform is to .
A) provide practical benefits to the wearer
B) make the wearer catch the public eye
C) inspire the wearers confidence in himself
D) provide the wearer with a professional identity
4. According to the passage, people wearing uniforms .
A) are usually helpful
B) have little or no inpidual freedom
C) tend to lose their inpiduality
D) enjoy greater popularity
可以看出，第一题源于第一段，中间两题源于第二段，第四题源于第四段。
美国人特别为我们的多样性和个性而自豪，但他们却很喜欢和尊重制服，无论是电梯操作员的制服还是五星上将的制服。为何制服在美国那样受青睐呢?
非常重要是什么原因之一是，在不少人看来穿制服比穿便装看起来愈加职业化，大家习惯于期待从穿制服的人身上得到更好的服务。假如电视机维修工穿着制服去修电视，就比穿便装更能给人带来信赖感，穿制服的汽车维修工给人的感觉也是如此。另外，对于护士、警察、理发师和酒保来讲，要想让其他人不了解我们的职业身份，有哪些办法比脱掉制服愈加容易呢?
制服还有一些非常实质有哪些好处，譬如说你无需烧钱买别的衣服了，也无需烧钱去清洗它，而且它是可减税的。而且制服相对普通衣服来讲更舒服，更耐穿。
反对制服的看法主如果它们缺少变化，穿制服使人失去个性。尽管有非常多种制服，但一旦穿上了某一种制服，就一辈子穿下去了，没任何变化，一直到退休为止。当大家看起来相像时，他们的思想、语言、行动也会变得相像，至少在工作中是如此的。
制服也会带来一些非常实质的问题。尽管它们比较耐穿，但起初花费在制服上的钱或许会比普通衣服要高。还有一些制服，保养起来是很烧钱的，它们需要专业化的干洗，而不可以在家做普通的清洗。
总结起来，英语文章如下图所示：
图1
英文行文方法：倒金字塔形，即非常重要的内容一般放在最前面加以介绍，越往后重要程度越低。
在做阅读理解题时有两个标准：速度和准确度。四级阅读的速度需要是70wpm ，准确度需要是70%以上。一般同学们有两种阅读顺序：
① 读文章读题目和选项回到文章中找答案检查；
② 读题目和选项读文章做题检查。
剖析一下，第一种办法可能同学们读得比较细，准确度的需要容易达到，但绝大多数人是没办法在9分钟之内读完文章并做题的；而第二种办法容易达到速度的需要，准确度的需要又非常难达到。
综合这两种办法，可以总结出既照顾速度又考虑准确度的阅读步骤：
1）Skim2）Read the questions 3）Scan and locate4）Review。
1）为浏览全文。拿到一篇文章大家先花2分钟左右的时间读第一段的头三句话和后面每一段的第一句话，目的是学会全文主题和每段大意。由于绝大多数英语文章的行文方法呈倒金字塔形（见上述），一般非常重要的内容放在前面。
2）为读题干，但不要读选项，花1.5分钟左右。读时应把题干的关键字注上下划线，如此携带问题读文章，定位就精准多了。
3）为查读和定位。花5～7分钟找到题目所在的地方，并且做题。
4）为检查。注意在检查时假如没确凿把握，不要随便改动我们的第一选择，由于研究证明第一选择比第二选择的正确可能性大。
大伙再看下面这篇文章：
For an increasing number of students at American universities, old is suddenly in. The reason is obvious: the graying of America means jobs. Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom（生育高峰）generation, a longer life span means that the nations elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years. By 2050, 25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65, up from 14 percent in 1995. The change poses profound questions for government and society, of course. But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions, and in law and business as well. In addition to the doctors, were going to need more sociologists, biologists, urban planners and specialized lawyers, says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern Californias School of Gerontology（老年学）.
Lawyers can specialize in elder law, which covers everything from trusts and estates to nursing-home abuse and age discrimination（歧视）. Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers, 74 million strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history. Any student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with, say, an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money, one professor says.
Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC. She began college as a biology major but found she was really bored with bacteria. So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that she liked it. She says, I did volunteer work in retirement homes and it was very satisfying.
事实上大家只须读下面划线的部分就了解本文的中心和每段的主题了。
For an increasing number of students at American universities, old is suddenly in. The reason is obvious: the graying of America means jobs. Coupled with the aging of the baby-boom（生育高峰）generation, a longer life span means that the nation's elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years. By 2050, 25 percent of all Americans will be older than 65, up from 14 percent in 1995. The change poses profound questions for government and society, of course. But it also creates career opportunities in medicine and health professions, and in law and business as well. In addition to the doctors, we're going to need more sociologists, biologists, urban planners and specialized lawyers, says Professor Edward Schneider of the University of Southern Californias School of Gerontology（老年学）.
Lawyers can specialize in elder law, which covers everything from trusts and estates to nursing-home abuse and age discrimination（歧视）. Businessmen see huge opportunities in the elder market because the baby boomers, 74 million strong, are likely to be the wealthiest group of retirees in human history. Any student who combines an expert knowledge in gerontology with, say, an MBA or law degree will have a license to print money, one professor says.
Margarite Santos is a 21-year-old senior at USC. She began college as a biology major but found she was really bored with bacteria. So she took a class in gerontology and discovered that she liked it. She says, I did volunteer work in retirement homes and it was very satisfying.
大家了解文章的主题是old is suddenly in. The graying of America means jobs，即美国人的老年化给社会带来了多样的工作机会，也即老年学gerontology变得受青睐。第二段作者从律师和商人两方面加以论证，第三段用一个学生的例子进行进一步说明。
大家要想准确了解哪一个选项是正确选项，就需要知道迷惑项的出题方法。了解正确答案为何对和错误选项为何错。
请先花五分钟时间做上面第二篇文章的五个问题：
1. old is suddenly in most probably means .
A) America has suddenly become a nation of old people
B) gerontology has suddenly become popular
C) more elderly professors are found on American campuses
D) American colleges have realized the need of enrolling older students
2. With the aging of America, lawyers can benefit .
A) from the adoption of the elder law
B) from rendering special services to the elderly
C) by enriching their professional knowledge
D) by winning the trust of the elderly to promote their own interests
3. Why can businessmen make money in the emerging elder market?
A) Retirees are more generous in spending money.
B) They can employ more gerontologists.
C) The elderly possess an enormous purchasing power.
D) There are more elderly people working than before.
4. Who can make big money in the new century according to the passage?
A) Retirees who are business-minded.
B) The volunteer workers in retirement homes.
C) College graduates with an MBA or law degree.
D) Professionals with a good knowledge of gerontology.
5. It can be seen from the passage that the expansion of Americas elderly population .
A) will provide good job opportunities in many areas
B) will impose an unbearable burden on society
C) may lead to nursing home abuse and age discrimination
D) will create new fields of study in universities
老师在出迷惑选项时会有如下四种错误方法：
图2
第一步大家浏览文章，找到文章中心和每段大意。
第二步同学们把题干中的关键字划线，然后就能了解第1题应从头两句中找到答案，第2题应在第二段的第一句话找，第3题在第二段的第二句话找答案，第4题接着读第二段就能，而最后一题为主旨题。
第三步具体做题。
1．B。大家通过头两句话可以了解答案。A)选项有二类错误，文中提到美国老年人愈加多，但这只不过一个事实，不是作者的主题；C)选项有一类错误，文中根本没提到美国校园里有愈加多的老年教授；D)选项也有一类错误，并没提到美国大学认识到招收老年学生的必要性。
2．A。第二段的第一句话意思是律师可以专业于老年人法，老年人法包含了从信托到资产，从养老院虐待到年龄歧视的各种事情。从这句话可知答案)。本题中的B)选项迷惑性最大，律师可以从给老年人提供特殊服务中得益。仔细剖析，这个选项有三类错误，由于它的范围超出了原文，原文只不过说了老年人法，而特殊服务的范畴比它大得多。C)容易排除，为一类错误。D)选项中的trust一词意思为信赖，和原文中的信托并非同一个意思，注意不要被出题老师迷惑。
3．C。第二段的第二句话说商人在老年人市场看到巨大的机会，由于七千四百多万生育高峰时期生的人口非常可能是人类历史上最富有些一群退休者。故答案为C)，老年人拥有巨大的购买力。其中B)和D)容易排除，均为一类错误，无关选项。但不少同掌握把A)误选为正确答案，这类同学的主观性太强。A)说退休者烧钱更大方，是对原文进行的过分引申：有钱未必就烧钱大方。
4．D。第二段最后一句话引用一位教授的话说明老年学的重要程度。任何学生假如把老年学的专业常识和譬如工商管理硕士或法学位结合起来就有了印钱的执照。本句话用一个比喻说明了这种学生可以挣大钱。故答案为D)，有老年学常识的职业人士。此处职业人士即指商人或律师等，与原文完全吻合。本题A)和B)选项容易排除，为一类错误。但C)迷惑性非常大。C)说有工商管理硕士或法学位的大学毕业生，只说出了原文的一个方面，但大学毕业生的范畴远大于有老年学专业常识的学生，所以有三类错误。
5．A。本题为主旨题。美国老年人口的增加会在不少范围提供非常不错的工作机会。B)过于夸大了老年人对社会导致的负担，为二类错误。C)选项只不过现象，并非结果，为二类错误。D)选项为一类错误，无关选项。
经过了这样细致的剖析，第四步检查时就能非常快完成了。
对愈加多的美国大学生来讲，老年学忽然时髦起来。理由非常明显：美国的人口老龄化意味一些就业机会。伴随生育高峰一代的老龄化，人的寿命延长就意味着全国老年人口在以后50年内势必有相当大的增长。到2050年，65岁以上的美国人将从1995年的14%增长到25%。当然，这种变化给政府和社会提出一些深刻的问题。但这也在医药卫生界与法律和商业界创造了就业机会。南加利弗尼亚大学老年学学院的爱德华施奈德教授说：除去医生，大家将迫切需要有更多的社会学家、生物学家、城市规划职员和专业律师。
律师可以成为老年人法专家，老年人法涉及从财产委托、房产到敬老院虐待和年龄歧视等所有方面。商人在老年人市场看到巨大的商业机会，由于生育高峰期人数高达七千四百万的人口非常可能将成为人类历史上最富有些退休群体。一位教授说：任何学生只须有老年学的专门常识，又有一个学位，比如工商管理硕士或法律学位，就好似有印制钞票的许可证一般。
玛格丽特桑托斯是南加利弗尼亚大学的一名21岁的小学四年级学生。她上大学时是个生物学专业的学生，但她发现自己实在厌烦细菌。所以在她上了一堂老年学课程后，发现非常喜欢这门课程。她说：我在退休老人福利院做志愿者，这使我很认可。
有些时候选项出得很有迷惑性，同学们可能剖析很久也很难找到正确答案，那样就需要用到上面的双圆法来帮助自己剖析。请读下面这篇文章：
The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise（有氧操）. Millions of inpiduals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize（获利）on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.
Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.
并读下面这个问题：
38. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?
A) Positive. B) Indifferent. C) Negative. D) Cautious.
大家了解任何问题的正确答案势必在原文中有直接或间接的出处。本题的出处是这句话：
These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits.
不少同学看到原文中的few health benefits就毫不犹豫地选了C) Negative。大夫对于力量练习对提升健康情况有哪些用途持否定建议。但要了解few虽然是一个表示否定意义的词：没几个，但事实上还是有一两个的，所以原文的意思是这类健身中心看着并没从有氧健身中获得多大回报，由于医学上给出的建议是力量练习即便是对健康有益，那也是极少的。归根到底还是有好处的，所以正确的答案是D) Cautious。大夫的态度是小心的。C)是二类错误：与原文有一些联系，但重合度不足。
It came as something of a surprise when Diana, Princess of Wales, made a trip to Angola in 1997, to support the Red Crosss campaign for a total ban on all anti-personnel landmines. Within hours of arriving in Angola, television screens around the world were filled with images of her comforting victims injured in explosions caused by landmines. I knew the statistics, she said. But putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me; like when I met Sandra, a 13-year-old girl who had lost her leg, and people like her.
The Princess concluded with a simple message: We must sTOP landmines. And she used every opportunity during her visit to repeat this message.
But, back in London, her views were not shared by some members of the British government, which refused to support a ban on these weapons. Angry politicians launched an attack on the Princess in the press. They described her as very ill-informed and a loose cannon（乱放炮的人）.
The Princess responded by brushing aside the criticisms: This is a distraction（干扰）we do not need. All Im trying to do is help.
Opposition parties, the media and the public immediately voiced their support for the Princess. To make matters worse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British governments policy regarding landmines. The result was a severe embarrassment for the government.
To try and limit the damage, the Foreign Secretary, Malcolm Rifkind, claimed that the Princesss views on landmines were not very different from government policy, and that it was working towards a worldwide ban. The Defence Secretary, Michael Portillo, claimed the matter was a misinterpretation or misunderstanding.
For the Princess, the trip to this war-torn country was an excellent opportunity to use her popularity to show the world how much destruction and suffering landmines can cause. She said that the experience had also given her the chance to get closer to people and their problems.
21. Princess Diana paid a visit to Angola in 1997 .
A)to clarify the British governments stand on landmines
B) to establish her image as a friend of landmine victims
C) to investigate the sufferings of landmine victims there
D) to voice her support for a total ban of landmines
22. What did Diana mean when she said ... putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me ?
A) Meeting the landmine victims in person made her believe the statistics.
B) She just couldnt bear to meet the landmine victims face to face.
C) The actual situation in Angola made her feel like going back home.
D) Seeing the pain of the victims made her realize the seriousness of the situation.
23. Some members of the British government criticized Diana because .
A) she had not consulted the government before the visit
B) she was ill-informed of the governments policy
C) they were actually opposed to banning landmines
D) they believed that she had misinterpreted the situation in Angola
24. How did Diana respond to the criticisms?
A) She made more appearances on TV.
B) She paid no attention to them.
C) She rose to argue with her opponents.
D) She met the 13-year-old girl as planned.
25. What did Princess Diana think of her visit to Angola?
A) It had caused embarrassment to the British government.
B) It had greatly promoted her popularity.
C) It had brought her closer to the ordinary people.
D) It had affected her relations with the British government.
1997年，威尔士王妃戴安娜出访安哥拉，支持国际红十字会关于全方位废除杀伤性地雷这一事件在当时引起了哄动。在到达安哥拉的几个小时内，全世界的电视屏幕都出现了她慰问地雷爆炸受害者的身影。王妃说：我了解这类统计数据，但面对那些面孔，使我更身临其境。譬如说我碰到了一名叫桑德拉的13岁的小姑娘，她失去了一条腿，还有不少如此的大家。
王妃把它总结为简单的一句话：大家需要废除地雷。她在访问中借助每一次机会来重复这句话。
但回到伦敦后，她的看法遭到了一些拒绝废除地雷的英政府成员的反对。愤怒的政客们在媒体上抨击王妃，把她形容为见识短浅的和乱放炮的人。
王妃以漠视来回话这类批评：这是一种非必须的干扰。我所要做的就是帮助其他人。
反对党、媒体和公众都对王妃表示了支持。对政府来讲，更糟的是不久将来，事实表明王妃的行程已被外交部批准，事实上她是很知道安哥拉的情况和英国政府对地雷的政策方针的。这一结果令英国政府很尴尬。
为了消除这一不好的影响，外交部Malcolm Rifkind发表声明，王妃对地雷的看法和政府的政策基本一样，政府正致力于在全世界范围内废除地雷。国防部长Michael Portillo声明这件事只是误解或者说是误会。
对于王妃来讲，到这个饱受战争蹂躏的国家的访问，是一次非常好的机会，可以借助她的知名度向世界表明，地雷带来了多么紧急的破坏和灾难。王妃说，这次历程也给了她一个与大家接近并知道他们疾苦的机会。
答案与分析
21.戴安娜王妃1997年出访安哥拉的目的是 。
D。依据文章第一段第一句It came as something of a surprise when Diana Princess of Wales, made a trip to Angola in 1997, to support the Red Crosss campaign for a total ban on all anti-personnel landmines，可得出答案是D。
22.戴安娜王妃说：Putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me的意思是？
D。依据上下文，文章第一段第三句，即她说：我了解这类统计数据，但面对那些面孔，使我更身临其境。譬如说我碰到了一名叫桑德拉的13岁的小姑娘，她失去了一条腿，还有不少如此的大家。statistics后面but 的转折与like的运用和句中举到的受伤小姑娘的例子都表示出D项的意思。
23.部分英国政府官员批评戴安娜王妃是由于 。
C。依据文章第三段第一句，即但回到伦敦后，她的看法遭到了一些拒绝废除地雷的英政府成员的反对可得出答案C。另外，大家从第五段第二句it soon emerged that the princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British governments policy regarding landmines即事实表明王妃的行程已被外交部批准，事实上她是很知道安哥拉的状况和英国政府对地雷的政策方针的。可排除其他三项。
24.戴安娜王妃对给予她的批评怎么样反应？
B。文章的第四段中有一个直接有关的句子The princess responded by brushing aside the criticisms即王妃以漠视来回话这类批评。短语动词brush aside意为置之不理；漠视和pay no attention to是近义词组，因此答案是B。
25.戴安娜王妃如何看待她的安哥拉之行？
C。答案在文章最后一句话，即王妃说这次历程也给了她一个与大家接近并知道他们疾苦的机会。显然答案为C。
